MASTERY TEST - APWH - Ch. 7 Commerce & Culture
____ 1. How did Buddhism change as it spread along the Silk Roads?
a. Buddhist practices increasingly emphasized asceticism and withdrawal from society.
b. Buddhist doctrines became more esoteric.
c. The Buddha became more human and less divine.
d. The gods of many peoples along the Silk Roads were incorporated as bodhisattvas.
____ 2. Which of the following states had the greatest control over economic exchange within its borders?
a. The Aztec Empire c. The Roman Empire
b. The Byzantine Empire d. The Inca Empire
____ 3. The states that emerged between 500 and 1600 that controlled the long-distance trade across the Sahara were concentrated in which part of Africa?
a. The Arabian Peninsula c. Madagascar
b. Western and central Sudan d. South Africa
____ 4. The absence of which of the following made long-distance trade in the Americas difficult?
a. Wheeled vehicles c. Rivers
b. Llamas d. Organized governments
____ 5. How did the Silk Road trade affect peasants in China?
a. Peasants focused more on producing luxury goods.
b. Peasants abandoned farming to go into commerce.
c. Peasants converted to Buddhism in large numbers.
d. Peasants only cultivated crops for subsistence.
____ 6. Which statement characterizes the networks and webs of exchange that connected different parts of the world from 500 to 1500?
a. Competition for control of trade routes sparked numerous wars.
b. Trade operated as a means of establishing diplomatic relations between states.
c. Regional trade organizations formed to establish monopolies on certain goods.
d. Interaction among the major civilizations operated on a relatively equal basis.
____ 7. How did the spread of Islam affect Indian Ocean commerce?
a. Islamic religious leaders decreed that Muslim merchants could have no dealings with non-Muslim traders.
b. Early rulers of the Arab Empire promoted trade within the empire by banning trade beyond its borders.
c. Islamic rulers were suspicious of merchants and succeeded in shutting down all trade on the Silk Roads.
d. Muslim merchants and sailors established communities of traders from East Africa to the south China coast.
____ 8. Swahili civilization was influenced by which of the following cultures?
a. Chinese c. Bantu
b. Indian d. European
____ 9. In which third-wave civilization did the state largely control trade, preventing a professional merchant class from emerging?
a. China c. Aztec
b. Inca d. Mali
____ 10. Which of the following is an example of the Indianization of Southeast Asia?
a. The architectural expression of Hinduism at Angkor Wat
b. The use of Arabic script to write the Swahili language
c. A bronze African lion with Indian designs
d. The adoption of Islam as the state religion in Champa
____ 11. The Sahara held rich deposits of which highly valued commodity?
a. Salt c. Oil
b. Gold d. Nickel
____ 12. The spread of the Black Death from China to Europe in the fourteenth century occurred during an era of increased contact facilitated by
a. monsoon winds. c. the spread of Islam.
b. the spread of Buddhism. d. Mongol rule.
____ 13. Which of the following highlights an effect of the international trade in silk?
a. The declining price of silk by the tenth century as demand diminished
b. The association of silk with the sacred in Buddhism and Christianity
c. The widespread use of silk materials among commoners
d. The economic decline of China as competitors produced better quality silk
____ 14. What development between the seventh and thirteenth centuries increased and expanded trade in the Indian Ocean basin?
a. The missionary zeal of Christian merchants who viewed religious conversion as their primary goal
b. The encouragement of maritime trade by an effective and unified Chinese state
c. Global warming trends that increased agricultural production worldwide
d. The discovery of a new route linking Asia to the Americas
____ 15. In contrast to the Silk Roads, the Sea Roads of the Indian Ocean
a. carried more products for a mass market.
b. had much higher transportation costs.
c. dealt exclusively in the trade of luxury goods.
d. were centered on the ports of East Africa.
____ 16. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Eurasia experienced a period of intensified interaction under the rule of the
a. Swahilis. c. Mongols.
b. Berbers. d. Chinese.
____ 17. The trade conducted along the Silk Roads was largely a relay trade because
a. it linked the entire world into a single trade network.
b. it linked the civilizations of coastal Eurasia but bypassed the pastoral peoples of the interior.
c. goods were passed down the line rather than carried by one merchant along the entire route.
d. it sustained the long-distance trade in the Americas.
____ 18. Which of the following technological innovations facilitated Indian Ocean commerce?
a. Quipus c. Junks
b. Pochteca d. Nyama
____ 19. Which of the following was a consequence of the exchange of diseases along the Silk Roads?
a. The Christian church in the Byzantine Empire weakened.
b. Europeans developed some immunity to Eurasian diseases.
c. Chinese officials sought to suppress long-distance trade.
d. The population in the Americas was virtually wiped out.
____ 20. Which of the following describes the Swahili civilization’s relationship with the people who lived in the interior?
a. Swahili kings expanded into the interior, eventually establishing an empire that stretched from coast to coast.
b. Swahili states demanded that people living in the interior pay an annual tribute to gain access to the coastal trade.
c. Swahili cities operated as intermediaries for people from the interior to sell their goods to Arab merchants.
d. Swahili culture spread throughout most of the interior, as evidenced by widespread acceptance of Islam.
____ 21. The political structure of Swahili civilization was similar to the
a. large empires of ancient Rome and China.
b. stateless cities of the Niger River Valley.
c. complex societies of the Eastern Woodlands in North America.
d. competitive and independent city-states of ancient Greece.
____ 22. Which of the following characterizes the networks of exchange in the Americas?
a. Networks were local, with the most active links within rather than between regions.
b. Networks crisscrossed cultures, creating a hybrid culture that encompassed all of the Americas.
c. The isthmus at Panama operated as the center for trade between North and South America.
d. The Incas controlled all long-distance trade and spread their culture from South to North America.
____ 23. What made possible the long trek across the Sahara?
a. Donkeys c. Salt
b. Camels d. Slaves
____ 24. Ships sailing along the trade routes shown in Map 7.2 in the textbook were dependent on
a. hinterlands. c. monsoons.
b. oil. d. slaves.
____ 25. Which of the following luxury goods came to symbolize the Eurasian exchange system?
a. Silk c. Nutmeg
b. Porcelain d. Slaves
____ 26. Trade along the Silk Roads was facilitated by
a. the collapse of the Indian Ocean trade network, which benefitted land routes.
b. large and powerful states that provided security for merchants and travelers.
c. the migration of Bantu-speaking people into South Asia and the Middle East.
d. the emergence of powerful states in Southeast Asia that controlled the trade.
____ 27. Between 500 and 1500, the civilizations of Mesoamerica and the Andes
a. ran similar regional economies controlled by the state.
b. created a long-distance trade network in the Americas.
c. fought with one another for control of the fur trade.
d. seem to have had little direct contact with each other.
____ 28. What was one characteristic of Indian cultural influence in Southeast Asia?
a. It resulted from the political conquest of the region by Emperor Ashoka.
b. It spread through the voluntary adoption and adaptation of Indian ideas.
c. It began with the travels of the Buddha to this region toward the end of his life.
d. It resulted in the region rejecting the influence of Islam.
____ 29. The Silk Roads built on earlier trading connections between Eurasian civilizations and
a. Bantu migrants. c. pastoral peoples.
b. Indian merchants. d. Paleolithic societies.
____ 30. The Sand Roads linked North Africa and the Mediterranean world to the land and peoples of
a. interior West Africa. c. Borobudur.
b. the Swahili civilization. d. Great Zimbabwe.
____ 31. In Source 7.2, Marco Polo’s description of the city of Hangzhou, which he referred to as Kinsay, highlights the role of the city as an important center for
a. trade. c. Confucianism.
b. art. d. Christianity.
____ 32. According to Leo Africanus’s account in Source 7.3, West Africans were willing to pay high prices for
a. gold. c. slaves.
b. grain. d. horses.
____ 33. What aspect of Indian society does the Chinese monk Xuanzang describe in detail in Source 7.1?
a. Competitive sports c. The guild system
b. Local markets d. The caste system
____ 34. Leo Africanus’s account in Source 7.3 offers evidence of long-distance trade between West Africa and
a. China. c. Europe.
b. Oceania. d. India.
____ 35. Which of the following reflects the state of Buddhist studies in seventh-century India as described by the Chinese monk Xuanzang in Source 7.1?
a. United c. Syncretic
b. Divided d. Secular
Matching
a. Silk Roads h. Great Zimbabwe
b. Black Death i. Sand Roads
c. Indian Ocean trading network j. Ghana, Mali, Songhay
d. Srivijaya k. trans-Saharan slave trade
e. Arabian camel l. American web
f. Angkor Wat m. Thorfinn Karlsefni
g. Swahili civilization n. pochteca
____ 1. A well-born, wealthy merchant and seaman of Norwegian Viking background who led an unsuccessful expedition to establish a colony on the coast of what is now Newfoundland Canada in the early eleventh century C.E.
____ 2. Professional merchants among the Aztecs.
____ 3. Land-based trade routes that linked Eurasia.
____ 4. A series of important states that developed in western and central Sudan in the period 500–1600 C.E. in response to the economic opportunities of trans-Saharan trade (especially control of gold production).
____ 5. The name given to the massive epidemic that swept Eurasia in the fourteenth century C.E.; it may have been bubonic plague, anthrax, or a collection of epidemic diseases.
____ 6. A Malay kingdom that dominated the Straits of Malacca between 670 and 1025 C.E.; noted for its creation of a native/Indian hybrid culture.
____ 7. An East African civilization that emerged in the eighth century C.E. from a blending of Bantu, Islamic, and other Indian Ocean trade elements.
____ 8. A term used to describe the network of trade that linked parts of the pre-Columbian Americas; although less intense and complete than the Afro-Eurasian trade networks, this web nonetheless provided a means of exchange for luxury goods and ideas over large areas.
____ 9. The largest religious structure in the premodern world; construction began on this temple, which is located in modern Cambodia, in the early 1100s C.E. It was built to express a Hindu understanding of the cosmos, centered on a mythical Mount Meru, the home of the gods in Hindu tradition.
____ 10. Animal that made the long trek across the Sahara possible because it could travel for ten days without water. It stimulated trade and contact, which led to the establishment of West African empires and facilitated the spread of Islam into the region.
____ 11. A powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 C.E.
____ 12. A fairly small-scale trade that developed in the twelfth century C.E., exporting West Africans captured in raids across the Sahara for sale mostly as household servants.
____ 13. The world’s largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 C.E., this commercial system stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included not only the exchange of luxury and bulk goods but also the exchange of ideas and crops.
____ 14. A term used to describe the routes of the trans-Sahara trade in Africa.
____ 1. How did Buddhism change as it spread along the Silk Roads?
a. Buddhist practices increasingly emphasized asceticism and withdrawal from society.
b. Buddhist doctrines became more esoteric.
c. The Buddha became more human and less divine.
d. The gods of many peoples along the Silk Roads were incorporated as bodhisattvas.
____ 2. Which of the following states had the greatest control over economic exchange within its borders?
a. The Aztec Empire c. The Roman Empire
b. The Byzantine Empire d. The Inca Empire
____ 3. The states that emerged between 500 and 1600 that controlled the long-distance trade across the Sahara were concentrated in which part of Africa?
a. The Arabian Peninsula c. Madagascar
b. Western and central Sudan d. South Africa
____ 4. The absence of which of the following made long-distance trade in the Americas difficult?
a. Wheeled vehicles c. Rivers
b. Llamas d. Organized governments
____ 5. How did the Silk Road trade affect peasants in China?
a. Peasants focused more on producing luxury goods.
b. Peasants abandoned farming to go into commerce.
c. Peasants converted to Buddhism in large numbers.
d. Peasants only cultivated crops for subsistence.
____ 6. Which statement characterizes the networks and webs of exchange that connected different parts of the world from 500 to 1500?
a. Competition for control of trade routes sparked numerous wars.
b. Trade operated as a means of establishing diplomatic relations between states.
c. Regional trade organizations formed to establish monopolies on certain goods.
d. Interaction among the major civilizations operated on a relatively equal basis.
____ 7. How did the spread of Islam affect Indian Ocean commerce?
a. Islamic religious leaders decreed that Muslim merchants could have no dealings with non-Muslim traders.
b. Early rulers of the Arab Empire promoted trade within the empire by banning trade beyond its borders.
c. Islamic rulers were suspicious of merchants and succeeded in shutting down all trade on the Silk Roads.
d. Muslim merchants and sailors established communities of traders from East Africa to the south China coast.
____ 8. Swahili civilization was influenced by which of the following cultures?
a. Chinese c. Bantu
b. Indian d. European
____ 9. In which third-wave civilization did the state largely control trade, preventing a professional merchant class from emerging?
a. China c. Aztec
b. Inca d. Mali
____ 10. Which of the following is an example of the Indianization of Southeast Asia?
a. The architectural expression of Hinduism at Angkor Wat
b. The use of Arabic script to write the Swahili language
c. A bronze African lion with Indian designs
d. The adoption of Islam as the state religion in Champa
____ 11. The Sahara held rich deposits of which highly valued commodity?
a. Salt c. Oil
b. Gold d. Nickel
____ 12. The spread of the Black Death from China to Europe in the fourteenth century occurred during an era of increased contact facilitated by
a. monsoon winds. c. the spread of Islam.
b. the spread of Buddhism. d. Mongol rule.
____ 13. Which of the following highlights an effect of the international trade in silk?
a. The declining price of silk by the tenth century as demand diminished
b. The association of silk with the sacred in Buddhism and Christianity
c. The widespread use of silk materials among commoners
d. The economic decline of China as competitors produced better quality silk
____ 14. What development between the seventh and thirteenth centuries increased and expanded trade in the Indian Ocean basin?
a. The missionary zeal of Christian merchants who viewed religious conversion as their primary goal
b. The encouragement of maritime trade by an effective and unified Chinese state
c. Global warming trends that increased agricultural production worldwide
d. The discovery of a new route linking Asia to the Americas
____ 15. In contrast to the Silk Roads, the Sea Roads of the Indian Ocean
a. carried more products for a mass market.
b. had much higher transportation costs.
c. dealt exclusively in the trade of luxury goods.
d. were centered on the ports of East Africa.
____ 16. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Eurasia experienced a period of intensified interaction under the rule of the
a. Swahilis. c. Mongols.
b. Berbers. d. Chinese.
____ 17. The trade conducted along the Silk Roads was largely a relay trade because
a. it linked the entire world into a single trade network.
b. it linked the civilizations of coastal Eurasia but bypassed the pastoral peoples of the interior.
c. goods were passed down the line rather than carried by one merchant along the entire route.
d. it sustained the long-distance trade in the Americas.
____ 18. Which of the following technological innovations facilitated Indian Ocean commerce?
a. Quipus c. Junks
b. Pochteca d. Nyama
____ 19. Which of the following was a consequence of the exchange of diseases along the Silk Roads?
a. The Christian church in the Byzantine Empire weakened.
b. Europeans developed some immunity to Eurasian diseases.
c. Chinese officials sought to suppress long-distance trade.
d. The population in the Americas was virtually wiped out.
____ 20. Which of the following describes the Swahili civilization’s relationship with the people who lived in the interior?
a. Swahili kings expanded into the interior, eventually establishing an empire that stretched from coast to coast.
b. Swahili states demanded that people living in the interior pay an annual tribute to gain access to the coastal trade.
c. Swahili cities operated as intermediaries for people from the interior to sell their goods to Arab merchants.
d. Swahili culture spread throughout most of the interior, as evidenced by widespread acceptance of Islam.
____ 21. The political structure of Swahili civilization was similar to the
a. large empires of ancient Rome and China.
b. stateless cities of the Niger River Valley.
c. complex societies of the Eastern Woodlands in North America.
d. competitive and independent city-states of ancient Greece.
____ 22. Which of the following characterizes the networks of exchange in the Americas?
a. Networks were local, with the most active links within rather than between regions.
b. Networks crisscrossed cultures, creating a hybrid culture that encompassed all of the Americas.
c. The isthmus at Panama operated as the center for trade between North and South America.
d. The Incas controlled all long-distance trade and spread their culture from South to North America.
____ 23. What made possible the long trek across the Sahara?
a. Donkeys c. Salt
b. Camels d. Slaves
____ 24. Ships sailing along the trade routes shown in Map 7.2 in the textbook were dependent on
a. hinterlands. c. monsoons.
b. oil. d. slaves.
____ 25. Which of the following luxury goods came to symbolize the Eurasian exchange system?
a. Silk c. Nutmeg
b. Porcelain d. Slaves
____ 26. Trade along the Silk Roads was facilitated by
a. the collapse of the Indian Ocean trade network, which benefitted land routes.
b. large and powerful states that provided security for merchants and travelers.
c. the migration of Bantu-speaking people into South Asia and the Middle East.
d. the emergence of powerful states in Southeast Asia that controlled the trade.
____ 27. Between 500 and 1500, the civilizations of Mesoamerica and the Andes
a. ran similar regional economies controlled by the state.
b. created a long-distance trade network in the Americas.
c. fought with one another for control of the fur trade.
d. seem to have had little direct contact with each other.
____ 28. What was one characteristic of Indian cultural influence in Southeast Asia?
a. It resulted from the political conquest of the region by Emperor Ashoka.
b. It spread through the voluntary adoption and adaptation of Indian ideas.
c. It began with the travels of the Buddha to this region toward the end of his life.
d. It resulted in the region rejecting the influence of Islam.
____ 29. The Silk Roads built on earlier trading connections between Eurasian civilizations and
a. Bantu migrants. c. pastoral peoples.
b. Indian merchants. d. Paleolithic societies.
____ 30. The Sand Roads linked North Africa and the Mediterranean world to the land and peoples of
a. interior West Africa. c. Borobudur.
b. the Swahili civilization. d. Great Zimbabwe.
____ 31. In Source 7.2, Marco Polo’s description of the city of Hangzhou, which he referred to as Kinsay, highlights the role of the city as an important center for
a. trade. c. Confucianism.
b. art. d. Christianity.
____ 32. According to Leo Africanus’s account in Source 7.3, West Africans were willing to pay high prices for
a. gold. c. slaves.
b. grain. d. horses.
____ 33. What aspect of Indian society does the Chinese monk Xuanzang describe in detail in Source 7.1?
a. Competitive sports c. The guild system
b. Local markets d. The caste system
____ 34. Leo Africanus’s account in Source 7.3 offers evidence of long-distance trade between West Africa and
a. China. c. Europe.
b. Oceania. d. India.
____ 35. Which of the following reflects the state of Buddhist studies in seventh-century India as described by the Chinese monk Xuanzang in Source 7.1?
a. United c. Syncretic
b. Divided d. Secular
Matching
a. Silk Roads h. Great Zimbabwe
b. Black Death i. Sand Roads
c. Indian Ocean trading network j. Ghana, Mali, Songhay
d. Srivijaya k. trans-Saharan slave trade
e. Arabian camel l. American web
f. Angkor Wat m. Thorfinn Karlsefni
g. Swahili civilization n. pochteca
____ 1. A well-born, wealthy merchant and seaman of Norwegian Viking background who led an unsuccessful expedition to establish a colony on the coast of what is now Newfoundland Canada in the early eleventh century C.E.
____ 2. Professional merchants among the Aztecs.
____ 3. Land-based trade routes that linked Eurasia.
____ 4. A series of important states that developed in western and central Sudan in the period 500–1600 C.E. in response to the economic opportunities of trans-Saharan trade (especially control of gold production).
____ 5. The name given to the massive epidemic that swept Eurasia in the fourteenth century C.E.; it may have been bubonic plague, anthrax, or a collection of epidemic diseases.
____ 6. A Malay kingdom that dominated the Straits of Malacca between 670 and 1025 C.E.; noted for its creation of a native/Indian hybrid culture.
____ 7. An East African civilization that emerged in the eighth century C.E. from a blending of Bantu, Islamic, and other Indian Ocean trade elements.
____ 8. A term used to describe the network of trade that linked parts of the pre-Columbian Americas; although less intense and complete than the Afro-Eurasian trade networks, this web nonetheless provided a means of exchange for luxury goods and ideas over large areas.
____ 9. The largest religious structure in the premodern world; construction began on this temple, which is located in modern Cambodia, in the early 1100s C.E. It was built to express a Hindu understanding of the cosmos, centered on a mythical Mount Meru, the home of the gods in Hindu tradition.
____ 10. Animal that made the long trek across the Sahara possible because it could travel for ten days without water. It stimulated trade and contact, which led to the establishment of West African empires and facilitated the spread of Islam into the region.
____ 11. A powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 C.E.
____ 12. A fairly small-scale trade that developed in the twelfth century C.E., exporting West Africans captured in raids across the Sahara for sale mostly as household servants.
____ 13. The world’s largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 C.E., this commercial system stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included not only the exchange of luxury and bulk goods but also the exchange of ideas and crops.
____ 14. A term used to describe the routes of the trans-Sahara trade in Africa.
